📘 TOP 10 CASE STUDIES – TPA (WITH SC CASE LAW)
🧾 CASE STUDY 1: Agreement to Sell vs Ownership
🔹 Facts:
A agrees to sell land to B. B pays full consideration and takes possession, but no sale deed is registered. Later, A sells the same property to C through a registered sale deed.
❓ Issue:
Who has valid title – B or C?
✅ Answer & Analysis:
- Section 54: Agreement to sell does not create any interest
- B has only contractual right
- C gets valid title due to registered sale deed
⚖️ Case:
- Narandas Karsondas v. S.A. Kamtam
- Suraj Lamp & Industries Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Haryana
👉 Conclusion: C is owner; B can only sue for specific performance
🧾 CASE STUDY 2: Doctrine of Part Performance
🔹 Facts:
A enters written agreement to sell property to B. B takes possession and is ready to perform, but sale deed is not executed. A tries to evict B.
❓ Issue:
Can B protect possession?
✅ Answer:
- Section 53A applies
- B can defend possession
⚖️ Case:
- K.B. Saha & Sons v. Development Consultant Ltd.
👉 Principle:
Part performance is shield, not sword
🧾 CASE STUDY 3: Lis Pendens
🔹 Facts:
A files suit against B regarding land ownership. During pendency, B sells land to C.
❓ Issue:
Is sale valid?
✅ Answer:
- Section 52 applies
- Sale is not void but subject to decree
⚖️ Case:
- Rajender Singh v. Santa Singh
👉 Conclusion: C bound by court judgment
🧾 CASE STUDY 4: Fraudulent Transfer
🔹 Facts:
A transfers property to his relative to avoid repayment to creditors.
❓ Issue:
Can creditors challenge?
✅ Answer:
- Section 53 applies
- Transfer is voidable
⚖️ Case:
- Delhi Development Authority v. Skipper Construction Co. Pvt. Ltd.
👉 Conclusion: Creditors can set aside transfer
🧾 CASE STUDY 5: Ostensible Owner
🔹 Facts:
Real owner allows B to appear as owner. B sells property to C in good faith.
❓ Issue:
Is C protected?
✅ Answer:
- Section 41 applies
- Bona fide purchaser protected
⚖️ Case:
- Hardev Singh v. Gurmail Singh
👉 Conclusion: C gets valid title
🧾 CASE STUDY 6: Feeding Grant by Estoppel
🔹 Facts:
A sells property to B without title. Later A acquires ownership.
❓ Issue:
Can B claim ownership?
✅ Answer:
- Section 43 applies
- B can enforce transfer
⚖️ Case:
- Jumma Masjid v. Kodimaniandra Deviah
👉 Conclusion: Transfer becomes valid
🧾 CASE STUDY 7: Absolute Restraint on Transfer
🔹 Facts:
A gifts property to B with condition that B cannot sell it.
❓ Issue:
Is condition valid?
✅ Answer:
- Section 10 → void
- Absolute restraint invalid
⚖️ Case:
- Rosher v. Rosher
👉 Conclusion: B can sell property
🧾 CASE STUDY 8: Mortgage vs Sale
🔹 Facts:
A transfers property to B with condition that it will revert on repayment.
❓ Issue:
Sale or mortgage?
✅ Answer:
- Depends on intention
- If security → mortgage
⚖️ Case:
- Pandit Chunchun Jha v. Sheikh Ebadat Ali
👉 Conclusion: Substance over form
🧾 CASE STUDY 9: Lease vs License
🔹 Facts:
A allows B to occupy premises with monthly payment but retains control.
❓ Issue:
Lease or license?
✅ Answer:
- Exclusive possession → lease
- Mere permission → license
⚖️ Case:
- Associated Hotels of India Ltd. v. R.N. Kapoor
👉 Conclusion: Depends on intention + possession
🧾 CASE STUDY 10: Gift without Acceptance
🔹 Facts:
A executes gift deed but donee does not accept during donor’s lifetime.
❓ Issue:
Is gift valid?
✅ Answer:
- Section 122 → acceptance essential
⚖️ Case:
- Kalyan Singh v. Smt. Chhoti
👉 Conclusion: Gift invalid
🧠 FINAL JUDICIAL ANALYSIS STRATEGY
👉 In mains answer always follow:
- Identify Section
- Apply Facts
- Cite SC Case
- Give Clear Conclusion
📌 MOST REPEATED SC CASES (EXAM GOLD)
- Suraj Lamp & Industries Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Haryana
- Narandas Karsondas v. S.A. Kamtam
- Jumma Masjid v. Kodimaniandra Deviah
- Associated Hotels of India Ltd. v. R.N. Kapoor