1️⃣ Q. Discuss the nature and object of the Specific Relief Act. Is specific performance discretionary?
✅ Answer:
The Specific Relief Act, 1963 provides civil remedies for enforcement of individual civil rights, primarily through:
-
Specific performance
-
Injunctions
-
Declaratory relief
-
Rectification & cancellation
Originally, under Section 10 (pre-2018), specific performance was discretionary.
However, after the 2018 Amendment, specific performance has become the rule rather than the exception.
Legal Position:
-
Court shall enforce specific performance unless exceptions under Sections 11(2), 14, 16 apply.
-
Discretion is now limited.
Conclusion: Specific performance is now largely mandatory subject to statutory bars.
2️⃣ Q. Explain readiness and willingness under Section 16(c).
✅ Answer:
Section 16(c) mandates that plaintiff must:
-
Plead readiness and willingness
-
Prove continuous readiness from date of agreement till decree
Key Components:
-
Financial capacity
-
Conduct consistent with contract
-
No abandonment
Failure to prove → suit dismissed.
3️⃣ Q. What contracts cannot be specifically enforced?
✅ Answer (Section 14):
Specific performance cannot be granted for:
-
Contracts involving continuous supervision
-
Contracts dependent on personal qualifications
-
Determinable contracts
-
Contracts impossible to perform
After 2018 amendment, scope narrowed but determinable contracts still excluded.
4️⃣ Q. Discuss limitation for specific performance.
✅ Answer:
Under Article 54 of Limitation Act:
Limitation = 3 years
Starts from:
-
Date fixed for performance OR
-
Date of refusal
Limitation is strict and mandatory.
5️⃣ Q. Whether time is essence in contract for sale of immovable property?
✅ Answer:
Traditionally:
Time not essence in immovable property contracts.
Modern View:
Due to price escalation, courts treat time more seriously.
Court examines:
-
Express clause
-
Conduct
-
Surrounding circumstances
6️⃣ Q. What is substituted performance under amended Act?
✅ Answer (Section 20):
After 2018 amendment:
-
If promisor fails to perform
-
Promisee may get contract performed by third party
-
Recover cost from promisor
Notice of 30 days required.
This reduces litigation.
7️⃣ Q. Distinguish between cancellation and rescission.
✅ Answer:
| Cancellation | Rescission |
|---|---|
| Court declares instrument void | Contract terminated |
| Document set aside | Contract avoided |
| Section 31 | Section 27 |
Cancellation applies to void/voidable instruments affecting rights.
8️⃣ Q. When can declaration be granted?
✅ Answer (Section 34):
Court may grant declaration if:
-
Plaintiff entitled to legal character or right
-
Defendant denies or interested to deny
But no declaration if:
Plaintiff able to seek further relief but omits to do so.
9️⃣ Q. Temporary vs Permanent Injunction.
✅ Answer:
Temporary (Order 39 CPC):
-
Interim
-
Prima facie case
-
Balance of convenience
-
Irreparable injury
Permanent (Section 38 SRA):
-
Final decree
-
Based on established right
🔟 Q. Discuss discretionary principles governing specific relief.
✅ Answer:
Even post-2018 amendment, relief may be refused if:
-
Plaintiff in breach
-
Suppression of facts
-
Hardship to defendant
-
Unfair advantage
Equity still relevant but statutory mandate stronger.
🔥 High-Scoring Answer Structure Tip
For mains:
-
Define provision
-
Cite section number
-
Mention amendment impact
-
Add case principle
-
Conclude with practical application
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