Specific Relief Act – Mains Q & A

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1️⃣ Q. Discuss the nature and object of the Specific Relief Act. Is specific performance discretionary?

✅ Answer:

The Specific Relief Act, 1963 provides civil remedies for enforcement of individual civil rights, primarily through:

  • Specific performance

  • Injunctions

  • Declaratory relief

  • Rectification & cancellation

Originally, under Section 10 (pre-2018), specific performance was discretionary.

However, after the 2018 Amendment, specific performance has become the rule rather than the exception.

Legal Position:

  • Court shall enforce specific performance unless exceptions under Sections 11(2), 14, 16 apply.

  • Discretion is now limited.

Conclusion: Specific performance is now largely mandatory subject to statutory bars.

2️⃣ Q. Explain readiness and willingness under Section 16(c).

✅ Answer:

Section 16(c) mandates that plaintiff must:

  • Plead readiness and willingness

  • Prove continuous readiness from date of agreement till decree

Key Components:

  • Financial capacity

  • Conduct consistent with contract

  • No abandonment

Failure to prove → suit dismissed.

3️⃣ Q. What contracts cannot be specifically enforced?

✅ Answer (Section 14):

Specific performance cannot be granted for:

  1. Contracts involving continuous supervision

  2. Contracts dependent on personal qualifications

  3. Determinable contracts

  4. Contracts impossible to perform

After 2018 amendment, scope narrowed but determinable contracts still excluded.

4️⃣ Q. Discuss limitation for specific performance.

✅ Answer:

Under Article 54 of Limitation Act:

Limitation = 3 years

Starts from:

  • Date fixed for performance OR

  • Date of refusal

Limitation is strict and mandatory.

5️⃣ Q. Whether time is essence in contract for sale of immovable property?

✅ Answer:

Traditionally:
Time not essence in immovable property contracts.

Modern View:
Due to price escalation, courts treat time more seriously.

Court examines:

  • Express clause

  • Conduct

  • Surrounding circumstances

6️⃣ Q. What is substituted performance under amended Act?

✅ Answer (Section 20):

After 2018 amendment:

  • If promisor fails to perform

  • Promisee may get contract performed by third party

  • Recover cost from promisor

Notice of 30 days required.

This reduces litigation.

7️⃣ Q. Distinguish between cancellation and rescission.

✅ Answer:

Cancellation Rescission
Court declares instrument void Contract terminated
Document set aside Contract avoided
Section 31 Section 27

Cancellation applies to void/voidable instruments affecting rights.

8️⃣ Q. When can declaration be granted?

✅ Answer (Section 34):

Court may grant declaration if:

  • Plaintiff entitled to legal character or right

  • Defendant denies or interested to deny

But no declaration if:
Plaintiff able to seek further relief but omits to do so.

9️⃣ Q. Temporary vs Permanent Injunction.

✅ Answer:

Temporary (Order 39 CPC):

  • Interim

  • Prima facie case

  • Balance of convenience

  • Irreparable injury

Permanent (Section 38 SRA):

  • Final decree

  • Based on established right

🔟 Q. Discuss discretionary principles governing specific relief.

✅ Answer:

Even post-2018 amendment, relief may be refused if:

  • Plaintiff in breach

  • Suppression of facts

  • Hardship to defendant

  • Unfair advantage

Equity still relevant but statutory mandate stronger.

🔥 High-Scoring Answer Structure Tip

For mains:

  1. Define provision

  2. Cite section number

  3. Mention amendment impact

  4. Add case principle

  5. Conclude with practical application

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