MASTER CRIMINAL PROCEDURE & EVIDENCE CASE LAW TABLE

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⚖ MASTER CRIMINAL PROCEDURE & EVIDENCE CASE LAW TABLE

🔹 1. Muddamal / Property Release (Prohibition & General Law)

No Issue Case Citation Principle / Ratio
1 Muddamal release – vehicle / property Harsh Rameshbhai Lashkari v. State of Gujarat 18-08-2025 Where quantity exceeded statutory limit (20 litres), trial court’s refusal to release muddamal was upheld. No error committed.
2 General power of release of property Sunderbhai Ambalal Desai v. State of Gujarat (2002) 10 SCC 283 Courts should release seized property promptly under Sections 451/457 CrPC to avoid deterioration.
3 Cannot bypass CrPC by writ Khengarbhai Lakhabhai Dambhala v. State of Gujarat — When CrPC provides remedy for custody/disposal, writ under Art. 226 not maintainable.

🔹 2. Applicability of New Law (IPC → BNS)

Issue Case Principle
Offences committed before 01-07-2024 Vijay Sharma v. State of Rajasthan Offences committed prior to BNS enforcement must be dealt with under IPC. Pending inquiry/trial/appeal governed by old law.

🔹 3. Addition of Section in FIR / Charge

Issue Case Principle
Magistrate must give reasons Bhanubhai Mafatbhai Bharwad v. State of Gujarat Magistrate must record brief reasons while accepting addition of graver offence. “Kept with FIR” is not sufficient.
Same principle reiterated Sureshkumar Taraji Marwadi v. State of Gujarat Mechanical acceptance of addition report impermissible.

🔹 4. Re-Arrest After Addition of Graver Offence

Issue Case Principle
Re-arrest after addition Pradeep Ram v. State of Jharkhand Police cannot automatically arrest accused already on bail. Must seek cancellation under Sec 437(5)/439(2) CrPC.

🔹 5. Deletion of Section

Issue Case Principle
Deletion procedure Jagdish Nathabhai Solanki v. State of Gujarat IO cannot simply “delete” section and keep report with FIR. Must file charge-sheet or summary report; complainant must be heard.

🔹 6. Section 156(3) CrPC / 175(3) BNSS

Issue Case Principle
Affidavit mandatory Priyanka Srivastava v. State of U.P. 156(3) application must be supported by affidavit.
BNSS 175(3) safeguards Om Prakash Ambedkar v. State of Maharashtra Magistrate must consider SP representation + conduct inquiry before directing investigation.
Odisha view Swarnalata Jena v. State of Odisha Reasoned order mandatory before directing investigation.

🔹 7. Discharge Stage

Issue Case Principle
No mini trial State of Orissa v. Debendra Nath Padhi At Sec 227 stage, accused cannot produce defence material. Court considers only prosecution material.

🔹 8. NDPS – Release of Vehicle

Issue Case Principle
Interim vehicle release Bishwajit Dey v. State of Assam In absence of bar, Sections 451/457 CrPC applicable even in NDPS matters.

🔹 9. Private Complaint – Cognizance & Summons

Issue Case Principle
Satisfaction required Sachin Garg v. State of U.P. Magistrate must record prima facie satisfaction before issuing summons.
Non-mechanical order Pepsi Foods Ltd. v. Special Judicial Magistrate Summoning is serious matter; application of mind required.
Composite order permissible Amresh Kumar Dhiraj v. State of Jharkhand Cognizance + process may be composite but must reflect application of mind.

🔹 10. BNSS Section 223 (Private Complaint Procedure)

Issue Case Principle
Hearing accused before cognizance Basanagouda R. Patil v. Shivananda S. Patil Verification first, then notice, then cognizance.
Same clarified Sashidhar Jagdishan v. State of Maharashtra Accused to be heard before cognizance, not before verification.

🔹 11. Meaning of Cognizance

Case Principle
Tula Ram v. Kishore Singh Cognizance = Judicial application of mind to facts for proceeding.

🔹 12. Section 35 BNSS (Notice Before Arrest)

Case Principle
Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI Non-compliance with notice does not automatically mandate arrest. Arrest is last resort.
Vijay Pal Yadav v. Mamta Singh Checklist under Arnesh Kumar must not be mechanical. Magistrate must apply mind.

🔹 13. Production Without Arrest

Case Principle
Siddharth v. State of U.P. Section 170 does not mandate arrest before filing charge-sheet.

🔹 14. Grounds of Arrest

Case Principle
Prabir Purkayastha v. State (NCT of Delhi) Distinction between “reasons” and “grounds” of arrest. Grounds must be communicated.
Mihir Rajesh Shah v. State of Maharashtra Grounds of arrest mandatory under Articles 21 & 22(1).
State of Karnataka v. Sri Darshan Mere absence of written grounds not ipso facto illegal unless prejudice shown.

🔹 15. Default Bail

Case Principle
Enforcement Directorate v. Kapil Wadhawan 60/90 days counted from first remand order.
Rakesh Kumar Paul v. State of Assam 60 days if minimum punishment <10 years.

🔹 16. Further Investigation

Case Principle
K. Chandrasekhar v. State of Kerala Further investigation ≠ fresh investigation.
Vinubhai Haribhai Malaviya v. State of Gujarat Magistrate can order further investigation even after charge-sheet.
Jyoti Sanjiv Rajput v. State of Gujarat Magistrate cannot order de novo investigation.

🔹 17. Charge-sheet Completeness

Case Principle
Sharif Ahmed v. State of U.P. Charge-sheet complete if sufficient material exists to proceed.
Sameer Sandhir v. CBI Additional documents may be produced later with court permission.

🔹 18. NI Act

Case Principle
Rohitbhai Jivanlal Patel v. State of Gujarat Presumption under Section 139 NI Act is mandatory unless rebutted.

🔹 19. Improper Charge

Case Principle
Kalicharan v. State of U.P. Non-compliance of Sections 213 & 313 CrPC vitiates trial.

🔹 20. Section 319 CrPC

Case Principle
Sukhpal Singh Khaira v. State of Punjab Strong and cogent evidence required to summon additional accused.

🔹 21. Primary & Secondary Evidence

Case Principle
Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd. v. Rupdevsingh Secondary evidence admissible only after foundational facts proved.

⚖ ADDITIONAL LANDMARK JUDGMENTS TABLE

(Advanced Judicial Reference Sheet)

🔹 1. FIR – Registration Mandatory

Issue Case Citation Principle
Mandatory registration of FIR Lalita Kumari v. Government of Uttar Pradesh (2014) 2 SCC 1 Registration of FIR is mandatory if information discloses cognizable offence. Preliminary inquiry permissible only in limited categories.

🔹 2. Delay in FIR

Issue Case Principle
Delay not always fatal State of Himachal Pradesh v. Gian Chand Delay must be explained; not automatically fatal to prosecution.

🔹 3. Multiple FIRs

Issue Case Principle
Second FIR barred T.T. Antony v. State of Kerala Second FIR on same occurrence not maintainable.
Counter FIR allowed Upkar Singh v. Ved Prakash Counter complaint by opposite party permissible.

🔹 4. Arrest Guidelines

Issue Case Principle
Arrest safeguards Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar Police must follow Section 41 checklist before arrest in offences punishable up to 7 years.
DK Basu guidelines D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal Mandatory arrest memo and safeguards against custodial torture.

🔹 5. Anticipatory Bail

Issue Case Principle
No time limit unless specified Sushila Aggarwal v. State (NCT of Delhi) Anticipatory bail ordinarily continues till trial unless limited by court.
Parameters Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia v. State of Punjab Anticipatory bail to be granted based on judicial discretion; no rigid formula.

🔹 6. Regular Bail Principles

Issue Case Principle
Bail is rule State of Rajasthan v. Balchand “Bail is rule, jail is exception.”
Triple test P. Chidambaram v. Directorate of Enforcement Flight risk, tampering with evidence, influencing witnesses.

🔹 7. Quashing under Section 482 CrPC

Issue Case Principle
Categories for quashing State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal Seven illustrative categories for quashing FIR.
Compromise quashing Gian Singh v. State of Punjab High Court may quash non-compoundable offences if dispute is private and no societal impact.
Serious offences cannot be quashed Narinder Singh v. State of Punjab Heinous offences affecting society cannot be quashed on compromise.

🔹 8. Framing of Charge

Issue Case Principle
Strong suspicion sufficient Union of India v. Prafulla Kumar Samal At charge stage, court sees whether strong suspicion exists.
No meticulous evaluation Amit Kapoor v. Ramesh Chander Court should not conduct mini trial at charge stage.

🔹 9. Confession

Issue Case Principle
Extra-judicial confession Sahadevan v. State of Tamil Nadu Can be basis of conviction if voluntary and trustworthy.
Section 27 Evidence Act Pulukuri Kottaya v. Emperor Only discovery portion of confession admissible.

🔹 10. Dying Declaration

Issue Case Principle
Sole basis of conviction Khushal Rao v. State of Bombay Reliable dying declaration can sustain conviction without corroboration.
No absolute rule of doctor certification Laxman v. State of Maharashtra Medical certification desirable but not mandatory if evidence shows fitness.

🔹 11. Hostile Witness

Issue Case Principle
Evidence not wiped out State of U.P. v. Ramesh Prasad Misra Testimony of hostile witness not completely rejected; reliable portion may be relied upon.

🔹 12. Test Identification Parade (TIP)

Issue Case Principle
TIP not substantive evidence Budhsen v. State of U.P. TIP is corroborative; identification in court is substantive evidence.

🔹 13. Circumstantial Evidence

Issue Case Principle
Five golden principles Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra Chain must be complete; hypothesis consistent only with guilt.

🔹 14. Benefit of Doubt

Issue Case Principle
Suspicion vs proof Kali Ram v. State of Himachal Pradesh If two views possible, one favouring accused must be adopted.

🔹 15. Electronic Evidence

Issue Case Principle
65B certificate mandatory Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer Electronic record admissible only with 65B certificate.
Clarification Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal 65B certificate mandatory unless original device produced.

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