INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT – LANDMARK JUDGMENT MASTER TABLE

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⚖ INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT – LANDMARK JUDGMENT MASTER TABLE

🔹 I. RELEVANCY OF FACTS (Sections 5–16)

Issue Case Citation Principle
Motive relevance State of Uttar Pradesh v. Babu Ram (2000) 4 SCC 515 Motive assumes importance in circumstantial evidence cases.
Conspiracy – Section 10 State (NCT of Delhi) v. Navjot Sandhu Parliament Attack Case Acts/statements of co-conspirators admissible if prima facie conspiracy established.
Res Gestae – Section 6 Sukhar v. State of Uttar Pradesh (1999) 9 SCC 507 Statement must be contemporaneous and part of same transaction.

🔹 II. ADMISSION & CONFESSION (Sections 17–31)

Issue Case Citation Principle
Extra-judicial confession Sahadevan v. State of Tamil Nadu (2012) 6 SCC 403 Can form sole basis of conviction if voluntary & credible.
Police confession inadmissible State of Punjab v. Barkat Ram AIR 1962 SC 276 Confession to police officer inadmissible under Section 25.
Section 27 discovery Pulukuri Kottaya v. Emperor AIR 1947 PC 67 Only discovery portion admissible.
Retracted confession Pyare Lal Bhargava v. State of Rajasthan AIR 1963 SC 1094 Retraction weakens evidentiary value; needs corroboration.

🔹 III. DYING DECLARATION (Section 32)

Issue Case Citation Principle
Sole basis of conviction Khushal Rao v. State of Bombay AIR 1958 SC 22 Can sustain conviction without corroboration.
Doctor certification not mandatory Laxman v. State of Maharashtra (2002) 6 SCC 710 Fitness can be inferred from evidence.
Multiple dying declarations Amol Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2008) 5 SCC 468 If inconsistent, court must scrutinize carefully.

🔹 IV. CHARACTER EVIDENCE (Sections 52–55)

Issue Case Principle
Bad character irrelevant Harinath v. State of Uttar Pradesh Character generally irrelevant unless accused gives evidence of good character.

🔹 V. ORAL EVIDENCE (Sections 59–60)

Issue Case Principle
Hearsay inadmissible Tehsildar Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh Hearsay not admissible unless covered by exception.

🔹 VI. DOCUMENTARY & PRIMARY/SECONDARY EVIDENCE (Sections 61–65)

Issue Case Citation Principle
Secondary evidence conditions H. Siddiqui v. A. Ramalingam (2011) 4 SCC 240 Foundational facts must be proved before admitting secondary evidence.
Best evidence rule J. Yashoda v. K. Shobha Rani (2007) 5 SCC 730 Secondary evidence cannot replace primary evidence unless conditions satisfied.

🔹 VII. ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE (Section 65B)

Issue Case Citation Principle
65B mandatory Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (2014) 10 SCC 473 Electronic evidence admissible only with 65B certificate.
Clarification & reaffirmation Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal (2020) 7 SCC 1 Certificate mandatory unless original device produced.
CCTV evidence Sonu v. State of Haryana (2017) 8 SCC 570 Objection to 65B must be taken at trial stage.

🔹 VIII. PRESUMPTIONS (Sections 101–114)

Issue Case Citation Principle
Burden of proof Kali Ram v. State of Himachal Pradesh (1973) 2 SCC 808 Prosecution must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
Presumption under 113B (Dowry death) Baijnath v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2017) 1 SCC 101 Presumption arises only when foundational facts proved.
Presumption of innocence Narendra Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh Accused entitled to benefit of doubt.

🔹 IX. ESTOPPEL (Section 115)

Issue Case Principle
Doctrine of estoppel B.L. Sreedhar v. K.M. Munireddy Estoppel prevents party from denying earlier representation.

🔹 X. WITNESSES (Sections 118–134)

Issue Case Citation Principle
Child witness Dattu Ramrao Sakhare v. State of Maharashtra (1997) 5 SCC 341 Conviction possible if child witness reliable.
Hostile witness State of U.P. v. Ramesh Prasad Misra (1996) 10 SCC 360 Reliable portion can be relied upon.
Sole witness Vadivelu Thevar v. State of Madras AIR 1957 SC 614 Conviction can be based on testimony of single wholly reliable witness.

🔹 XI. ACCOMPLICE (Section 133 & 114 Illustration b)

Issue Case Principle
Corroboration rule Rameshwar v. State of Rajasthan Corroboration is rule of prudence, not law.

🔹 XII. TEST IDENTIFICATION PARADE (TIP)

Issue Case Principle
TIP evidentiary value Budhsen v. State of Uttar Pradesh TIP is corroborative; not substantive evidence.

🔹 XIII. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

Issue Case Citation Principle
Five golden principles Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra (1984) 4 SCC 116 Chain must be complete; consistent only with guilt.
Suspicion vs proof Hanumant Govind Nargundkar v. State of Madhya Pradesh AIR 1952 SC 343 Circumstances must exclude every hypothesis except guilt.

🔹 XIV. BENEFIT OF DOUBT

Issue Case Principle
Two views theory Kali Ram v. State of Himachal Pradesh If two views possible, one favouring accused must be adopted.

🎯 WHAT THIS TABLE COVERS

✔ Admissions
✔ Confessions
✔ Dying declaration
✔ Documentary evidence
✔ Electronic evidence
✔ Burden of proof
✔ Presumptions
✔ Witnesses
✔ Hostile witness
✔ TIP
✔ Circumstantial evidence
✔ Estoppel
✔ Accomplice

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