10 MOST IMPORTANT MAINS Q&A – TPA (JUDICIAL LEVEL)

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📘 10 MOST IMPORTANT MAINS Q&A – TPA (JUDICIAL LEVEL)

🧾 Q1.

Explain “Transfer of Property” under Section 5. What are its essential elements?

✅ Answer:

Section 5 of the Transfer of Property Act defines transfer of property as an act by which a living person conveys property to one or more other living persons, or to himself and others.

🔹 Essentials:

  1. Living persons (inter vivos transfer)
  2. Conveyance of property
  3. Present or future transfer possible
  4. Includes companies, associations

🔹 Key Principle:

  • Applies only to voluntary transfers, not by operation of law.

🔹 Case Law:

  • Narandas Karsondas v. S.A. Kamtam
    👉 Ownership passes only on valid transfer, not mere agreement.

🧾 Q2.

Discuss what property can and cannot be transferred under Section 6.

✅ Answer:

Section 6 provides that property of any kind may be transferred except those expressly prohibited.

🔹 Non-transferable property:

  • Spes successionis
  • Right to sue
  • Public offices
  • Maintenance rights
  • Personal rights

🔹 Principle:

  • Law prevents transfer of uncertain, personal, or public interest rights

🔹 Case:

  • Lalit Mohan Ghosh v. Gopal Chandra Ghosh
    👉 Spes successionis is not transferable.

🧾 Q3.

Explain the Doctrine of Election under Section 35 with illustration.

✅ Answer:

Doctrine of election means a person cannot accept and reject the same instrument.

🔹 Principle:

  • One must either:
    • Accept benefit + burden
    • OR reject both

🔹 Illustration:

A transfers B’s property to C and gives benefit to B → B must choose.

🔹 Case:

  • Cooper v. Cooper

🧾 Q4.

Explain the Doctrine of Lis Pendens under Section 52.

✅ Answer:

Section 52 provides that during pendency of a suit, property cannot be transferred to affect rights of parties.

🔹 Essentials:

  1. Suit pending
  2. Competent court
  3. Rights directly in question
  4. Transfer affects outcome

🔹 Effect:

  • Transfer is not void, but subject to decree

🔹 Case:

  • Bellamy v. Sabine

🧾 Q5.

Discuss Doctrine of Part Performance under Section 53A.

✅ Answer:

Protects transferee who has taken possession in part performance of contract.

🔹 Essentials:

  • Written contract
  • Consideration
  • Possession taken
  • Willingness to perform

🔹 Nature:

  • Defensive right (shield, not sword)

🔹 Case:

  • K.B. Saha & Sons v. Development Consultant Ltd.

🧾 Q6.

Explain Sale under Section 54 and distinguish it from Agreement to Sell.

✅ Answer:

Sale is transfer of ownership for price.

🔹 Essentials:

  • Ownership transfer
  • Price paid/promised
  • Registered instrument (₹100+)

🔹 Distinction:

Sale Agreement to Sell
Transfers ownership No transfer
Creates rights in rem Creates personal rights
Completed transfer Executory

🔹 Case:

  • Suraj Lamp & Industries Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Haryana
    👉 GPA/Agreement ≠ Sale

🧾 Q7.

Explain different kinds of Mortgage under Section 58.

✅ Answer:

Mortgage = transfer of interest as security.

🔹 Types:

  1. Simple mortgage
  2. Mortgage by conditional sale
  3. Usufructuary mortgage
  4. English mortgage
  5. Equitable mortgage

🔹 Key Principle:

  • Ownership remains with mortgagor

🔹 Case:

  • Kalyanpur Lime Works Ltd. v. State of Bihar

🧾 Q8.

Discuss Lease under Section 105 and its essential elements.

✅ Answer:

Lease is transfer of right to enjoy property for time in exchange of rent.

🔹 Essentials:

  • Lessor
  • Lessee
  • Rent
  • Term

🔹 Nature:

  • Creates interest in property but not ownership

🔹 Case:

  • Associated Hotels of India Ltd. v. R.N. Kapoor
    👉 Lease vs License distinction

🧾 Q9.

Explain Gift under Section 122 and its essentials.

✅ Answer:

Gift = voluntary transfer without consideration.

🔹 Essentials:

  • Donor
  • Donee
  • Voluntary
  • Acceptance
  • During lifetime

🔹 Requirement:

  • Registration (immovable property)

🔹 Case:

  • Kalyan Singh v. Smt. Chhoti
    👉 Acceptance mandatory

🧾 Q10.

Explain Doctrine of Feeding the Grant by Estoppel (Section 43).

✅ Answer:

If a person fraudulently or erroneously transfers property without title and later acquires title, the transferee can claim benefit.

🔹 Essentials:

  • Representation of ownership
  • Transfer for consideration
  • Later acquisition of title

🔹 Effect:

  • Transfer becomes valid at option of transferee

🔹 Case:

  • Jumma Masjid v. Kodimaniandra Deviah

🧠 FINAL REVISION (WRITE IN 30 SECONDS)

👉 Most asked topics:

  • Sec 5, 6
  • Sec 35 (Election)
  • Sec 52 (Lis Pendens)
  • Sec 53A (Part Performance)
  • Sec 54 (Sale)
  • Sec 58 (Mortgage)
  • Sec 105 (Lease)
  • Sec 122 (Gift)
  • Sec 43 (Estoppel)

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