Master Table – Legal Heirs in Ancestral & Self-Acquired Property (India)

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Master Table – Legal Heirs in Ancestral & Self-Acquired Property (India)

Person Category Hindu Ancestral Property Hindu Self-Acquired Property (Intestate) Muslim Law Christian / Parsi (Indian Succession Act) Key Legal Principle
Son ✔ Coparcener by birth ✔ Equal share ✔ Share as Quranic heir ✔ Equal heir Son always inherits in all systems
Daughter ✔ Coparcener by birth after 2005 amendment ✔ Equal share ✔ Share but usually half of son ✔ Equal heir Daughter coparcener recognized in Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma
Widow ✖ Not coparcener but entitled after partition ✔ Class-I heir ✔ Fixed share ✔ Equal heir Widow not coparcener but inherits
Mother ✖ No coparcenary right ✔ Class-I heir ✔ Share ✔ Share Mother inherits under intestate succession
Father ✖ No coparcenary right ✔ Class-II heir ✔ Share ✔ Share Father inherits if Class-I absent
Step Son ✖ No right ✖ No right unless adopted ✖ Generally no right ✖ No right Step children not natural heirs
Step Daughter ✖ No right ✖ No right unless adopted ✖ No right ✖ No right Same rule
Adopted Son ✔ Treated as natural son ✔ Full heir ✖ Not recognized traditionally ✔ Allowed if legal adoption Valid under Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956
Adopted Daughter ✔ Same as natural daughter ✔ Full heir ✖ Generally not recognized ✔ Possible if adopted Same rule
Illegitimate Son ✖ Not coparcener ✔ Right only in mother’s property ✔ Recognized in some schools ✔ Generally no right in father’s estate Recognized partly by courts
Illegitimate Daughter ✖ Not coparcener ✔ Right only in mother’s property ✔ Limited recognition ✔ No right normally Similar rule
Grandson (son’s son) ✔ Coparcener ✔ Heir if father dead ✔ Share by representation ✔ Heir Important in joint family
Granddaughter ✔ Coparcener after 2005 ✔ Heir ✔ Share in some cases ✔ Heir Gender equality recognized
Brother ✖ No coparcenary right ✔ Class-II heir ✔ Residuary heir ✔ Heir if no closer relatives Secondary heir
Sister ✖ No coparcenary right ✔ Class-II heir ✔ Residuary heir ✔ Heir Same level as brother
Unborn child in womb ✔ Rights recognized ✔ Share reserved ✔ Share recognized ✔ Share recognized Child in womb treated as born
Live-in partner ✖ No right ✖ No automatic right ✖ No right ✖ No right Only by will

Additional Important Distinctions

Feature Ancestral Property Self-Acquired Property
Source Inherited up to 4 generations Acquired by person himself
Coparcenary right Exists (Hindu law) No coparcenary
Right by birth Yes No
Owner’s control Limited Full control
Can make will Usually cannot dispose coparcenary share without partition Owner can fully dispose by will

Important Supreme Court Principles

Daughter Coparcenary Right

From
Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma (2020) 9 SCC 1

Principle:

Daughter becomes coparcener by birth in the same manner as son.

Illegitimate Children Rights

From
Revanasiddappa v. Mallikarjun

Principle:

Children born from void marriage can inherit property of parents.

Ultra Quick Court Practice Notes

Person Who Cannot Normally Inherit

  • Step children

  • Live-in partner (without will)

  • Distant relatives when closer heirs exist

  • Illegitimate child from father (in many laws)

Person Who Always Gets Share

  • Son

  • Daughter

  • Widow

  • Mother

(Subject to personal law)

Advocate Practical Tip

Whenever inheritance dispute comes, check:

1️⃣ Religion of deceased
2️⃣ Nature of property (ancestral / self acquired)
3️⃣ Existence of will
4️⃣ Class of heirs

These four factors decide 90% of succession cases.

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