100 Civil Procedure Code (CPC) Rapid Answers

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⚖ 100 Civil Procedure Code (CPC) Rapid Answers

(District Judge / HJS Level – One Line, Court-Ready)

🔹 JURISDICTION

  1. Jurisdiction is foundational; defect cannot be cured by consent.

  2. Territorial jurisdiction objection must be taken at earliest.

  3. Pecuniary jurisdiction goes to root only if failure of justice shown.

  4. Subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be waived.

  5. Court must first decide jurisdiction before merits.

  6. Place of suing depends on cause of action.

  7. Cause of action means bundle of essential facts.

  8. Even part cause of action confers jurisdiction.

  9. Objection not raised at trial stage is deemed waived (territorial/pecuniary).

  10. Inherent lack of jurisdiction renders decree nullity.

🔹 PLAINT & REJECTION

  1. Plaint must disclose cause of action.

  2. Rejection under Order 7 Rule 11 is based on plaint averments alone.

  3. Defence cannot be considered in O7R11.

  4. Limitation can be ground for rejection if apparent from plaint.

  5. Clever drafting cannot create illusion of cause of action.

  6. Court must read plaint meaningfully, not formally.

  7. Partial rejection of plaint is impermissible.

  8. Valuation must reflect real relief claimed.

  9. Under-valuation must be corrected before rejection.

  10. Rejection of plaint amounts to decree.

🔹 WRITTEN STATEMENT

  1. Written statement must deal specifically with allegations.

  2. Non-traverse amounts to admission.

  3. Time limit for WS is directory but not elastic.

  4. Counterclaim is cross-suit in same proceedings.

  5. Set-off applies only in ascertained sums.

  6. Amendment of WS is liberally allowed.

  7. Subsequent events may be pleaded with leave.

  8. Additional WS requires court permission.

  9. Striking off defence is exceptional power.

  10. Denial must be specific, not evasive.

🔹 ISSUES & TRIAL

  1. Issues arise when material propositions are affirmed and denied.

  2. Court must frame issues before evidence.

  3. Burden of proof lies on party asserting fact.

  4. Evidence without pleadings cannot be considered.

  5. No amount of evidence can substitute pleadings.

  6. Admissions are best evidence.

  7. Court may pronounce judgment on admission.

  8. Ex parte decree requires proof, not mere absence.

  9. Cross-examination tests credibility.

  10. Affidavit evidence must be tested by cross-examination.

🔹 INTERIM RELIEFS

  1. Temporary injunction requires prima facie case.

  2. Balance of convenience must favour applicant.

  3. Irreparable injury must be shown.

  4. Status quo order preserves subject matter.

  5. Ex parte injunction must record reasons.

  6. Suppression of material facts disentitles relief.

  7. Interim relief cannot grant final relief indirectly.

  8. Injunction against true owner is exceptional.

  9. Specific performance suits often require status quo.

  10. Equitable relief demands clean hands.

🔹 AMENDMENT OF PLEADINGS

  1. Amendment necessary for real controversy should be allowed.

  2. Post-trial amendments require due diligence.

  3. Amendment changing nature of suit is impermissible.

  4. Limitation may bar amendment introducing new cause.

  5. Amendment relates back unless injustice caused.

  6. Technicalities should not defeat substantial justice.

  7. Bona fide mistake can be corrected.

  8. Amendment cannot withdraw clear admission casually.

  9. Delay alone is not ground to reject amendment.

  10. Prejudice to opposite party is decisive factor.

🔹 RES JUDICATA

  1. Res judicata bars re-litigation of same issue.

  2. It applies to matters directly and substantially in issue.

  3. Constructive res judicata bars matters which ought to have been raised.

  4. Res judicata applies even to execution proceedings.

  5. Consent decree may operate as res judicata.

  6. Jurisdictional defect negates res judicata.

  7. Former suit must be decided by competent court.

  8. Principle promotes finality in litigation.

  9. Public policy underlies res judicata.

  10. Interlocutory orders rarely attract strict res judicata.

🔹 EXECUTION

  1. Execution court cannot go behind decree.

  2. Null decree can be challenged even in execution.

  3. Objections under Section 47 must relate to execution.

  4. Separate suit barred for execution-related questions.

  5. Attachment before judgment prevents frustration of decree.

  6. Arrest in execution is last resort.

  7. Decree holder must strictly prove decree terms.

  8. Limitation in execution begins from enforceability.

  9. Compromise in execution requires court recording.

  10. Executing court enforces, not modifies decree.

🔹 APPEALS

  1. Appeal is continuation of suit.

  2. First appellate court reappreciates facts and law.

  3. Second appeal lies only on substantial question of law.

  4. Substantial question must be framed at admission.

  5. Remand is exceptional, not routine.

  6. Interference in findings of fact is limited in second appeal.

  7. Cross-objections are independent right.

  8. Appellate court may take additional evidence cautiously.

  9. Delay condonation requires sufficient cause.

  10. Appeal against ex parte decree is maintainable.

🔹 REVIEW, REVISION & INHERENT POWERS

  1. Review lies for error apparent on face of record.

  2. Review is not rehearing of case.

  3. Revision corrects jurisdictional errors.

  4. Revisional court cannot reappreciate evidence.

  5. Section 151 saves inherent powers.

  6. Inherent power cannot override express provision.

  7. Fraud vitiates all judicial acts.

  8. Procedural law is handmaid of justice.

  9. Court has duty to prevent abuse of process.

  10. Justice must prevail over technicalities.

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