Flowchart _ Adverse Possession

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🔁 FLOWCHART 1: ADVERSE POSSESSION – SUCCESS TEST

START
↓
Nature of Entry?
├─ Permissive (licence / tenancy / friendship)
│ ↓
│ Clear Repudiation of Owner’s Title?
│ ├─ NO → ❌ FAIL (No Adverse Possession)
│ └─ YES
│
└─ Trespass / Void Sale / Forcible Entry
↓
Hostile Possession (Animus Possidendi)?
↓
Open & Notorious?
↓
Exclusive & Continuous?
↓
To Knowledge of True Owner?
↓
Completed 12 Years (Statutory Period)?
↓
YES → ✅ TITLE PERFECTED BY ADVERSE POSSESSION
NO → ❌ CLAIM FAILS 
START
↓
Nature of Entry?
├─ Permissive (licence / tenancy / friendship)
│ ↓
│ Clear Repudiation of Owner’s Title?
│ ├─ NO → ❌ FAIL (No Adverse Possession)
│ └─ YES
│
└─ Trespass / Void Sale / Forcible Entry
↓
Hostile Possession (Animus Possidendi)?
↓
Open & Notorious?
↓
Exclusive & Continuous?
↓
To Knowledge of True Owner?
↓
Completed 12 Years (Statutory Period)?
↓
YES → ✅ TITLE PERFECTED BY ADVERSE POSSESSION
NO → ❌ CLAIM FAILS

📌 Use in answer:
“Applying the settled test of hostile, open, continuous and exclusive possession…”

🔁 FLOWCHART 2: PERMISSIVE vs ADVERSE POSSESSION

PERMISSIVE POSSESSION
(consent of owner)
↓
No Hostility
↓
No Limitation Runs
↓
❌ Cannot Ripen
↓
UNLESS
↓
Clear Repudiation + Knowledge of Owner
↓
Limitation Starts 
PERMISSIVE POSSESSION
(consent of owner)
↓
No Hostility
↓
No Limitation Runs
↓
❌ Cannot Ripen
↓
UNLESS
↓
Clear Repudiation + Knowledge of Owner
↓
Limitation Starts

📌 Case law line to add:
Thakur Kishan Singh v. Arvind Kumar (1994)

🔁 FLOWCHART 3: BURDEN OF PROOF

Claimant Pleads Adverse Possession
↓
Must Prove:
• Date of hostile entry
• Nature of hostility
• Continuity
• Knowledge of owner
↓
Failure to Prove ANY ONE
↓
❌ CLAIM FAILS
Claimant Pleads Adverse Possession
↓
Must Prove:
• Date of hostile entry
• Nature of hostility
• Continuity
• Knowledge of owner
↓
Failure to Prove ANY ONE
↓
❌ CLAIM FAILS

📌 Case law:
Hemaji Waghaji Jat v. Bhikhabhai (2009)

🕒 TIMELINE DIAGRAM 1: HOSTILE FROM INCEPTION (SUCCESS)

1990 2002
|------------------|
Trespass 12 Years Completed
(Hostile) ↓
Title Perfected
↓
Suit Filed in 2010
↓
❌ BARRED BY LIMITATION
1990 2002
|——————|
Trespass 12 Years Completed
(Hostile) ↓
Title Perfected
↓
Suit Filed in 2010
↓
❌ BARRED BY LIMITATION

📌 Use when: forcible entry / trespass
📌 Case law: Karnataka Board of Wakf v. Govt. of India

🕒 TIMELINE DIAGRAM 2: PERMISSIVE → REPUDIATION (SUCCESS)

1985 2000 2012
|---------------|-------------|
Permissive Clear Denial 12 Years
Possession of Title Completed
↓
Limitation Starts

1985 2000 2012
|—————|————-|
Permissive Clear Denial 12 Years
Possession of Title Completed
↓
Limitation Starts

📌 Key exam line:
“Limitation begins not from entry, but from repudiation.”

📌 Case law: Saroop Singh v. Banto

🕒 TIMELINE DIAGRAM 3: PERMISSIVE WITHOUT REPUDIATION (FAILURE)

1980 2020
|-----------------------------|
Permissive Possession
(No denial of title)
↓
Limitation NEVER Starts
↓
❌ Adverse Possession FAILS
1980 2020
|—————————–|
Permissive Possession
(No denial of title)
↓
Limitation NEVER Starts
↓
❌ Adverse Possession FAILS

📌 Case law: Thakur Kishan Singh v. Arvind Kumar

🕒 TIMELINE DIAGRAM 4: CO-OWNER CASE (OUSTER REQUIRED)

1980 2020
|------------------------|
Exclusive Possession by B
(No denial of A’s rights)
↓
Presumed Joint Possession
↓
❌ No Adverse Possession
1980 2020
|————————|
Exclusive Possession by B
(No denial of A’s rights)
↓
Presumed Joint Possession
↓
❌ No Adverse Possession

📌 Case law: P. Lakshmi Reddy v. L. Lakshmi Reddy

🕒 TIMELINE DIAGRAM 5: VOID SALE DEED (SUCCESS)

1995 2007
|—————-|
Void Sale 12 Years
Deed Entry Completed
(Claim as owner)
↓
Hostile Possession
↓
✅ Title Perfected

1995 2007
|----------------|
Void Sale 12 Years
Deed Entry Completed
(Claim as owner)
↓
Hostile Possession
↓
✅ Title Perfected

📌 Case law: Nair Service Society v. K.C. Alexander

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